dnssec-signzone — DNSSEC zone signing tool
dnssec-signzone [-a] [-c ] [class-d ] [directory-E ] [engine-e ] [end-time-f ] [output-file-g] [-h] [-K ] [directory-k ] [key-l ] [domain-i ] [interval-I ] [input-format-j ] [jitter-N ] [soa-serial-format-o ] [origin-O ] [output-format-p] [-P] [-r ] [randomdev-S] [-s ] [start-time-T ] [ttl-t] [-u] [-v ] [level-x] [-z] [-3 ] [salt-H ] [iterations-A] {zonefile} [key...]
dnssec-signzone
signs a zone. It generates
NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
(that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
determined by the presence or absence of a
keyset file for each child zone.
Verify all generated signatures.
classSpecifies the DNS class of the zone.
Compatibility mode: Generate a
keyset-
file in addition to
zonenamedsset-
when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
dnssec-signzone.
zonename
directory
Look for dsset- or
keyset- files in directory.
engineUses a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations it supports, for instance signing with private keys from a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support it defaults to pkcs11; the empty name resets it to no engine.
Generate DS records for child zones from
dsset- or keyset-
file. Existing DS records will be removed.
directoryKey repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys. If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
keyTreat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
domainGenerate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets. The domain is appended to the name of the records.
start-time
Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
If no start-time is specified, the current
time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
end-time
Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
expire. As with start-time, an absolute
time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
the start time. A time relative to the current time is
indicated with now+N. If no end-time is
specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
end-time must be later than
start-time.
output-file
The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
default is to append .signed to
the
input filename.
Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to dnssec-signzone.
interval
When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
may be resigned. The interval option
specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
between the signature end and start times. So if neither
end-time or start-time
are specified, dnssec-signzone
generates
signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
replaced.
input-formatThe format of the input zone file. Possible formats are "text" (default) and "raw". This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text format containing updates can be signed directly. The use of this option does not make much sense for non-dynamic zones.
jitter
When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
same time. The jitter option specifies a
jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
regeneration over time.
Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration, i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time from all caches there will be less congestion than if all validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
ncpusSpecifies the number of threads to use. By default, one thread is started for each detected CPU.
soa-serial-formatThe SOA serial number format of the signed zone. Possible formats are "keep" (default), "increment" and "unixtime".
Do not modify the SOA serial number.
Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982 arithmetics.
Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds since epoch.
originThe zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file is assumed to be the origin.
output-formatThe format of the output file containing the signed zone. Possible formats are "text" (default) and "raw".
Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster, but less secure, than using real random data. This option may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy source is limited.
Disable post sign verification tests.
The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key, that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records in the zone are signed by the algorithm. This option skips these tests.
randomdev
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
system does not provide a /dev/random
or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
is keyboard input. randomdev
specifies
the name of a character device or file containing random
data to be used instead of the default. The special value
keyboard indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
Smart signing: Instructs dnssec-signzone to search the key repository for keys that match the zone being signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to determine how it should be used, according to the following rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior ones:
If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the key is published in the zone.
If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the key is published (regardless of publication date) and used to sign the zone.
If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key is used to sign the zone.
If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the zone, regardless of any other metadata.
ttl
Specifies the TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
into the zone from the key repository. If not specified,
the default is the minimum TTL value from the zone's SOA
record. This option is ignored when signing without
-S, since DNSKEY records are not imported
from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
them.
Print statistics at completion.
Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters. Without this option, dnssec-signzone will retain the existing chain when re-signing.
levelSets the debugging level.
Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes; zone option in named.)
Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the update-check-ksk no; zone option in named.)
salt
Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
A dash (salt) can
be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
iterationsWhen generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many iterations. The default is 10.
When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure delegations.
Using this option twice (i.e., -AA)
turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
when using the -u option to modify an NSEC3
chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
The file containing the zone to be signed.
Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and there are matching private keys, in the current directory, then these will be used for signing.
The following command signs the example.com
zone with the DSA key generated by dnssec-keygen
(Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the -S option
is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
(db.example.com). This invocation looks
for dsset files, in the current directory,
so that DS records can be imported from them (-g).
% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \ Kexample.com.+003+17247 db.example.com.signed %
In the above example, dnssec-signzone creates
the file db.example.com.signed. This
file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
named.conf file.
This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters. The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com % dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com db.example.com.signed %
BIND Version 9.8